# ls(1)

    NAME
         ls - list the contents of a directory

    SYNOPSIS
         ls [-acdfgilqrstu1ACDFLMRTX] [name...]

    DESCRIPTION
         For each file argument, list it.  For each directory argument,  list  its
         contents.   The  current  working  directory  is listed when no files are
         named.  Information is printed multicolumn on terminals, single column if
         the  output is redirected.  The options control what information is shown
         and how.

         Ls has two sources other then the command line to draw options from,  one
         is  the  environment  variable  LSOPTS that is scanned for option letters
         when the output of ls is displayed on a terminal.  The other is the  name
         of  ls  itself.  If ls is linked to another name, then all the characters
         after the l are used as flags too, except that d,  f,  r,  t  and  x  are
         translated to D, F, R, T and X.  Useful links are ll, lf, lm and lx.

         Files whose names start with a dot are by default not listed.

         Note that standard Minix doesn't have symbolic links or  sockets  and  -u
         and  -c  are  no-ops  on  a V1 file system, since only modified times are
         stored in V1 inodes.

    OPTIONS

         -a   All entries are listed, even . and ..

         -c   Use inode changed time for sorting, listing or searching.

         -d   Do not list contents of directories, but list the directory itself.

         -f   Do not sort (should also be: treat a file as a directory,  but  that
              can't be implemented portably).

         -g   Suppress the owner name on a long listing (implies -l).

         -i   I-node number printed in the first column.

         -l   Long listing: mode, links, owner, group, size  and  time.   (ls  -lC
              uses columns in a wide enough window!)

         -n   Print numerical user and group id's.

         -q   Print nongraphic characters as '?' (default on terminals).

         -r   Reverse the sort order.

         -s   Give the size in kilobytes in the first (-s) or second column (-is).

         -t   Sort by time (modified time default), latest first.

         -u   Use last accessed time for sorting, listing or searching.

         -1   Print in one column.

         -A   List all entries, but  not  .  and  ..  (This  is  the  default  for
              privileged users.)

         -C   Print multicolumn (default on terminals).

         -D   Distinguish files by type, i.e. regular files together,  directories
              together, etc.

         -F   Mark directories with a '/', executables with  a  '*',  UNIX  domain
              sockets with a '=', named pipes with a '|' and symbolic links with a
              '@' behind the name.

         -L   Print the file referenced by a symbolic link instead of the link.

         -M   List mode before name (implies -C).

         -R   List directory trees recursively.

         -T   Print file times in a long format, e.g. "Oct 24 21:37:41 1996".

         -X   Print crunched mode and size before name (implies -C).  Only the rwx
              permissions  that its caller has on the file are shown, but they are
              in upper case if  the  caller  owns  the  file  and  has  given  the
              permission  to the callers group or other users.  The size is listed
              in bytes (<= 5K), or rounded up kilo, mega or gigabytes.

    SEE ALSO
         du(1), stat(1), stat(2).

    BUGS
         Having to type ls -C when viewing files through more(1).

         Is only portable to systems with the same st_mode (see stat(2)).

         The LSOPTS variable and the -D, -M and -X flags are not found on other ls
         implementations.  (They have there own nonstandard flags.)

    AUTHOR
         Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)